Asthma

Overview

哮喘是一种慢性炎症性肺部疾病，涉及反复发作的呼吸问题. 哮喘的特点有三个呼吸道问题:

  • Obstruction

  • Inflammation

  • Hyperresponsiveness

成人呼吸系统解剖图

What are the symptoms of asthma?

Common symptoms of asthma are listed below. 然而，每个人可能经历不同的症状.

In some cases, the only symptom is a chronic cough, especially at night, or tightness, noisy breathing, or wheezing. 有些人认为他们有反复发作的支气管炎, 因为呼吸道感染通常发生在易患哮喘的人的胸部.

Asthma may resemble other respiratory problems, such as emphysema, bronchitis, and lower respiratory infections. 许多哮喘患者并不知道自己患有哮喘. Consult your doctor for a diagnosis.

What causes asthma?

哮喘肺异常的基本原因尚不清楚, 尽管卫生保健专业人员已经确定这是一种特殊类型的气道炎症，可导致以下情况:

  • Contraction of airway muscles

  • Mucus production

  • Swelling in the airways

重要的是要知道哮喘不是由情绪因素引起的——正如多年前人们普遍认为的那样. 情绪焦虑和神经紧张会导致疲劳, 哪些会影响免疫系统，增加哮喘症状或加重发作. 然而，这些反应被认为是结果多于原因.

What happens during an asthma attack?

当肺部的空气通道变窄时，哮喘患者会出现急性发作, and breathing becomes more difficult. 这些问题是由肺部和呼吸道的过度敏感引起的:

  • 肺部和气道对某些触发因素反应过度，变得发炎和堵塞.

  • Breathing becomes harder and may hurt.

  • There may be coughing.

  • 可能会有喘息或口哨的声音，这是典型的哮喘. Wheezing occurs because:

    • Muscles that surround the airways tighten, 气道的内层膨胀并向内推进.

    • 排列在气道上的膜分泌出额外的粘液.

    • 粘液会形成堵塞，进一步阻塞空气通道.

    • 空气穿过狭窄的气道产生喘息的声音.

What are the risk factors for an asthma attack?

虽然任何人都可能有哮喘发作，但最常发生在:

  • Children and adolescents between age 5 and 17

  • Females

  • People living in urban communities

  • Exposure to tobacco smoke

Other factors include:

  • Family history of asthma

  • Personal medical history of allergies

How is asthma diagnosed?

诊断哮喘并将其与其他肺部疾病区分开来, 医生会综合考虑病史, physical examination, and laboratory tests, which may include:

  • Spirometry. 肺活量计是医生用来评估肺功能的仪器. 肺活量计是用肺活量计评估肺功能. 这个测试是通过尽可能用力地向一个管子吹气来完成的，这个管子连接着一个小机器(一个肺活量计)，用来测量呼出和呼入的空气量以及呼出的速度. This is one of the simplest, 最常见的肺功能检查，可能是必要的任何/所有以下原因:

    • 确定肺部接受、保持和利用空气的能力

    • To monitor a lung disease

    • To monitor the effectiveness of treatment

    • To determine the severity of a lung disease

    • 确定肺部疾病是限制性(气流减少)还是阻塞性(气流中断)

  • Peak flow monitoring (PFM). 一种装置被用来测量一个人从肺部呼出空气的最快速度. To use a peak flow meter, 一个人深吸一口气，然后尽可能用力、快速地吹进吹嘴. During an asthma or other respiratory flare-up, 肺里的大气道慢慢地开始变窄. 这将减缓空气离开肺部的速度，可以用PFM测量. 这种测量对于评估疾病控制的好坏非常重要.

  • Chest X-rays. 这种诊断测试使用不可见的电磁能量束来产生内部组织的图像, bones, and organs onto film.

  • Blood tests. 血液测试是用来分析血液中二氧化碳和氧气的含量.

  • Allergy tests.

What is the treatment for asthma?

哮喘的具体治疗方法将由你的医生根据:

  • Your age, overall health, and medical history

  • Your symptoms

  • Extent of the disease

  • 你对特定药物、程序或疗法的耐受性

  • Expectations for the course of the disease

  • Your opinion or preference

As of yet, there is no cure for asthma. However, 通常可以通过处方药物来控制，这可能有助于预防或缓解症状, and by learning ways to manage episodes.

How is asthma managed?

患有哮喘的人可以学会识别和避免引发发作的事情. 他们还可以自学药物和其他哮喘管理策略:

  • Asthma is a chronic disease. 它必须一直得到照顾——不仅仅是在出现症状的时候。

    • 持续管理哮喘的四个部分是:

      • 识别并尽量减少与哮喘诱因的接触.

      • Understand and take medications as prescribed.

      • 监测哮喘，发现病情恶化的迹象.

      • Know what to do when asthma gets worse.

  • 与卫生保健专业人员一起工作是照顾哮喘的最好方法.

  • 哮喘患者掌握的信息越多，哮喘就越容易控制.

Four components of asthma treatment

  1. 肺功能的客观测量方法-肺量测定法的应用, 呼气流量峰值-可获取哮喘的严重程度, and to monitor the course of treatment.

  2. 使用药物治疗旨在逆转和预防哮喘的气道炎症成分, as well as to treat the narrowing airways.

  3. 使用环境控制措施来避免或消除诱发或触发哮喘发作的因素, including the consideration of immunotherapy.

  4. 推荐十大正规网赌平台教育，包括推荐十大正规网赌平台、家属和医生之间的伙伴关系.

Basics

Children's Health