STDs are infectious diseases passed from person to person through sexual contact. 美国每年有数百万新病例发生.S. Half of the new infections happen in people between the ages of 15 and 24 years.

如何保护自己免受性病的侵害?

The best way to prevent getting an STD is to not have any type of sexual activity, including oral, vaginal, and anal sex. But you can take several steps to lower your risk for an STD if you decide to become sexually active, 或者目前性生活活跃. These include:

• 任何性关系应只与一名未感染的伴侣发生. 该合伙人也不应该有任何其他合伙人.

• 每次做爱都要正确使用乳胶避孕套. Or use a female polyurethane condom plus medicine that kills sperm (topical microbicide).

• 如果你静脉注射药物，请使用无菌针头.

• 预防和控制其他性传播疾病. 这将降低你的风险 人乳头瘤病毒(HPV).

• 尽可能推迟发生性关系. The younger you are when you start having sex, the more likely you are to get an STD.

• 有定期检查吗 HIV and STDs.

• Learn the symptoms of STDs and seek medical help as soon as possible if any symptoms develop.

• 月经期间不要发生性行为.

• 不要肛交. 或者使用乳胶避孕套和杀死精子的药物.

• Don't douche.

Some people may get help in preventing HIV infection by taking a special medicine (pre-exposure prophylaxis). 和你的医疗保健提供者谈谈，看看它是否适合你.

当被诊断为性病时该怎么做?

• 立即开始治疗. Take the full course of medicines, and follow your healthcare provider's advice.

• Don't breastfeed a baby or use breastmilk to feed a baby if you are HIV positive.

• Tell your local health department or all recent sexual partners and urge them to get medical checkups.

• 在接受性病治疗期间不要有性行为.

• Have a follow-up test to be sure the STD has been successfully treated.

常见的性传播疾病有哪些?

下面列出了常见的性传播疾病.

HIV

HIV is a virus that destroys the body's ability to fight off infection. People who have HIV may not look or feel sick for a long time after infection. 但如果你没有得到早期诊断和治疗, you will eventually become very likely to get many life-threatening diseases and certain forms of cancer. 这种病毒最常在性行为中传播. 它也可以通过共用静脉注射药物的针头传播. HIV can be passed to your baby during pregnancy, labor, delivery, and through breastfeeding. 如果你在怀孕早期就知道自己是HIV阳性, you can get treatment that greatly lowers your chance of passing on the virus to your child, the CDC says.

人乳头瘤病毒(HPV)

HPV是一种常见的性传播疾病. 某些类型的HPV可引起尖锐湿疣。. 这些可能发生在生殖器的内部或外部区域. 它们可能会扩散到周围的皮肤或性伴侣. Many other types of HPV cause no symptoms, so you may not know that you are infected. In most cases, the virus goes away and does not cause further health problems. But if the virus lasts, normal cells can change and become abnormal. Women with an HPV infection with high-risk types like HPV 16 and 18 have an increased risk of getting cervical cancer. Pap tests can detect HPV infection, as well as abnormal cervical cells. An HPV vaccine protects against the types of HPV that cause most cervical cancers. It also protects against most genital warts in both men and women, and against anal cancer in men. Even with treatment for genital warts, the virus remains in the body and warts can reappear. Certain types of HPV can also cause warts on other body parts such as the hands. 这些被称为普通疣. 这些通常不会引起健康问题. 如果孕妇有大量的生殖器疣, 这种生长会使阴道分娩变得复杂. If the warts block the birth canal, the woman may need a cesarean section.

Chlamydia

衣原体是美国最常见的性传播疾病.S. 它对男性和女性都有影响. This infection may cause an abnormal genital discharge and burning with urination. In women, untreated chlamydia may lead to pelvic inflammatory disease (PID). 衣原体可以用抗生素治疗. Unfortunately, many people with chlamydia have few or no symptoms of infection. 最常见和最严重的并发症发生在女性身上. In addition to PID, these include tubal (ectopic) pregnancy and infertility. 衣原体也可被带入并影响直肠. If you are pregnant and have chlamydia, the infection can be passed to your baby at birth. 这会导致宝宝眼睛感染或肺炎. With chlamydia, you are also more likely to have your baby too early.

Gonorrhea

Gonorrhea causes a discharge from the vagina or penis and painful or difficult urination. 最常见和最严重的并发症发生在女性身上. 它们包括PID、输卵管妊娠和不孕症. 淋病可以用抗生素治疗. 淋病也可以携带并影响直肠. Gonorrhea at the time of childbirth can spread to the baby and cause severe eye infection.

Genital herpes

Genital herpes 感染是由单纯疱疹病毒(HSV)引起的. Symptoms may include painful blisters or open sores in the genital area. 腿部有刺痛或灼烧感, buttocks, 或者生殖器区域可能在水泡出现之前发生. 疱疹疮通常会在几周内消失. The virus stays in the body, and the sores may return from time to time. There is no cure for HSV, but medicine can shorten an outbreak and reduce symptoms. HSV can be passed on from the mouth to the genitals during oral sex. The virus can be passed on to sexual partners even if the person has no visible blisters. 这被称为无症状脱落. 单纯疱疹病毒也可以在分娩时传播给婴儿. 这会引起婴儿非常严重的感染.

Syphilis

The first symptom of syphilis is a painless open sore that usually shows up on the penis, in the vagina, 或者在性器官周围的皮肤上. 未经治疗的梅毒可能会发展到更严重的阶段. These include a rash and over time problems with the heart and central nervous system. 梅毒可以用抗生素治疗. 如果孕妇患有未经治疗的梅毒, 这种疾病会导致危险, even fatal, 宝宝的问题. The way congenital syphilis affects the infant depends on how long the woman has had the disease and if or when she was treated for the infection. This form of syphilis can cause miscarriage, stillbirth, or death of the baby shortly after birth. 根据疾控中心, about 2 in 5 babies born to women with untreated syphilis may be stillborn or die from the infection in infancy.

Other diseases

其他可能通过性传播的疾病包括:

• 细菌性阴道炎

• Chancroid

• 巨细胞病毒感染

• 腹股沟肉芽肿(肉芽肿)

• 性病淋巴肉芽肿

• 接触传染性软疣

• Pubic lice

• Scabies

• Trichomoniasis

• 阴道酵母菌感染

关于性传播疾病和青少年的事实是什么?

性传播疾病影响各种背景和经济水平的男性和女性. 但在美国，将近一半的性病病例都是由女性感染的.S. 发生在25岁以下的人身上.

性传播疾病呈上升趋势. This may be because more sexually active people have multiple sex partners during their life.

许多性传播疾病起初没有任何症状. Also, many STD symptoms may look like those of other diseases not transmitted through sexual contact. 这在女性身上尤其如此. 即使没有症状的性传播疾病也会传染给其他人.

女性患性病的症状更严重:

• Some STDs can spread into the womb (uterus) and fallopian tubes and cause PID. 这可能导致不孕和输卵管妊娠.

• 女性的性传播疾病也可能导致宫颈癌.

• STDs can be passed from a mother to her baby before or during birth. 有些新生儿感染是可以成功治疗的. 其他可能会导致婴儿永久残疾甚至死亡.

许多性传播疾病在早期诊断时可以成功治疗.